culture and rhetoric of the answer poem 1485-1626

The Culture and Rhetoric of the Answer Poem: 1485-1626

SECTION 1: POLEMIC: FLYTING, LIBEL AND SATIRE

Chapter 1: Responses to Libel and Satire

  1. The Verse Libel
    1. A Sociological Perspective
    2. Verbal Duelling
    3. Proclamatory Answers
  2. The Verse Satire
    1. Self Publicising Tudor Satirists
    2. John Skelton
    3. John Marston

Chapter 2: Domestic and Cross-Cultural Flyting

  1. Cross-Cultural Flyting
    1. Anglo-French Flyting
    2. Anglo-Scottish Flyting
  2. Domestic Flyting
    1. John Skelton and Christopher Garnish
    2. Thomas Smyth and William Gray
    3. Thomas Churchyard and Thomas Camel
    4. John Taylor and William Fennor

SECTION 2: MARRIAGE, FRIENDSHIP COURTSHIP/COURTIERSHIP

Chapter 3: Answer Poetry and Marriage: 1550-1570

  1. Pros and Cons of Marriage
  2. Duties of Husbands and Wives

Chapter 4: Late Tudor Amicable Verse Exchanges

  1. Barnabe Googe
  2. Isabella Whitney
  3. John Donne

Chapter 5: Women's answer-poetry and the female-voiced response

  1. Henrician Answer Poetry
  2. Late Elizabethan and Jacobean Answer Poetry
    1. Elizabeth I
    2. Frances Seymour, Countess of Hertford
    3. Lady Mary Cheke
    4. Lady Mary Wroth



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subjectsReformation, dialectical, arguments, reformers, John Bale, John Huntington

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24

generating a multitude of more formal, scholarly disputations in prose. 28 Since the Reformation took shape in dialectical opposition to Catholicism and reformers often favoured setting the ‘truth’ of their own works in contrast to the erroneous arguments of other religious groups, it is unsurprising that generalised reforming principals filtered through into popular culture through the answer-poetry of the ballad press. As John Huntington suggests in his anti-Protestant poem ‘The Genealogy of Heresy’, which was subsequently answered in prose by John Bale, “Heresye [the Reformation] begate Stryfe and debate”. 29 Pre-Reformation examples of ecclesiastical verse disputes are comparatively rare; one of the few examples being the Upland poems (Jack Upland, Friar Daw’s Reply and Upland’s Rejoinder), which engage in a verse dispute fuelled by the Wycliffian controversy. 30 No post-Reformation verse answers appear to have attained the notoriety of the Martin Marprelate prose pamphlets and the official responses they provoked, but personal, official and quasi-official responses in kind to controversial and polemical verse are nonetheless prolific throughout this period. 31 As such, it seems that answering in kind was perhaps the most utilitarian defence available against abusive or subversive verses.

There are understandable reasons why literary and historical attention to libel has focused predominantly upon official and legal reactions, and upon the threat libelling was considered to pose to individual reputations and to social stability, rather than upon answers in kind specifically. Pauline Croft writes, for instance, that libellers were perceived

28 See Cat. Anon 6, Anon 30, A 62, A 67, H 155, K 192, K 193a-b, L 197, M 216, P 226, R 229, R 232-3 and W 310.

29 A Mysterye of Inyquyte Contayned within the Heretycall Genealogye of Ponce Pantolabus is Here Both Dyclosed & Confuted by Johan Bale (printed at Geneva by Michael Wood, 1548), p.4, STC 1303.

30 See Jack Upland, Friar Daw’s Reply and Upland’s Rejoinder, ed. P. L. Heyworth (OUP, 1968).
31 A few contributions to the Marprelate controversy did appear in the form of exchanged



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