culture and rhetoric of the answer poem 1485-1626

The Culture and Rhetoric of the Answer Poem: 1485-1626

SECTION 1: POLEMIC: FLYTING, LIBEL AND SATIRE

Chapter 1: Responses to Libel and Satire

  1. The Verse Libel
    1. A Sociological Perspective
    2. Verbal Duelling
    3. Proclamatory Answers
  2. The Verse Satire
    1. Self Publicising Tudor Satirists
    2. John Skelton
    3. John Marston

Chapter 2: Domestic and Cross-Cultural Flyting

  1. Cross-Cultural Flyting
    1. Anglo-French Flyting
    2. Anglo-Scottish Flyting
  2. Domestic Flyting
    1. John Skelton and Christopher Garnish
    2. Thomas Smyth and William Gray
    3. Thomas Churchyard and Thomas Camel
    4. John Taylor and William Fennor

SECTION 2: MARRIAGE, FRIENDSHIP COURTSHIP/COURTIERSHIP

Chapter 3: Answer Poetry and Marriage: 1550-1570

  1. Pros and Cons of Marriage
  2. Duties of Husbands and Wives

Chapter 4: Late Tudor Amicable Verse Exchanges

  1. Barnabe Googe
  2. Isabella Whitney
  3. John Donne

Chapter 5: Women's answer-poetry and the female-voiced response

  1. Henrician Answer Poetry
  2. Late Elizabethan and Jacobean Answer Poetry
    1. Elizabeth I
    2. Frances Seymour, Countess of Hertford
    3. Lady Mary Cheke
    4. Lady Mary Wroth



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subjectsfirst, English satirist, Hall, Marston, Certaine Satyres, 1598, Virgidemiarum, Reactio

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77

(‘A Post-script to the Reader’, ll.6-8). 144 By styling himself as the first of the English satirists Hall presents himself as someone having no recent precedent upon which to base the assumption that his work will be attacked, but since he advertised openly for an adversarius he was only foreseeing circumstances for which he himself was responsible partly for manufacturing. In his prologue to the first book Hall even goes so far as to imply that his role as a satirist is incomplete without a fellow with whom to spar and he advertises for someone to fill the position:

I first adventure, with fool-hardie might
To tread the steps of perilous despight:
I am the first: follow me who list,
And be the second English Satyrist.
Enuie waits on my backe, Truth on my side:
Enuie will be my Page, and Truth my Guide.
Enuie the margent holds, and Truth the line. (‘Lib. I. Prologue’, ll.1-7)


Just as a page consists of both lines and margins, a satire requires both a satirist and his detractors in order to be complete, so it is implied.

Marston obliged Hall with a response in the third book of his Certaine Satyres (May, 1598). He claims to have been roused to anger by Hall’s attack upon his fellow writers in Virgidemiarum: “What cold Saturnian/ Can hold, and heare such vile detraction?” (‘Reactio’, ll.3-4). It is much more likely, however, that Marston understood the rules of the game as he perceived them to have been established by the classical satirists, and welcomed the opportunity to attack Hall as a means of attracting the sort of controversy that would promulgate his own satires. As T. F. Wharton comments, “Marston created in the public mind the idea of a direct controversy between himself and Hall, thus at one

144The Poems of Joseph Hall, Bishop of Exeter and Norwich, ed. Arnold Davenport (Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1969), pp.7-10 and pp.97-9. Subsequent references for this text are given in parentheses following quotations.



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